From what is gum spirits turpentine distilled?

Gum spirits turpentine is a volatile essential oil that is primarily distilled from the resin of pine trees, particularly from the longleaf pine. The correct understanding involves recognizing that crude gum rosin is the solid residue obtained from the distillation of this resin. When pine resin is heated, the volatile components distill off to produce turpentine, while the remaining material is known as rosin. Therefore, the relationship between gum spirits turpentine and crude gum rosin is direct: turpentine is derived from the distillation process of rosin.

The other options do not connect correctly to the source of gum spirits turpentine. Pine needles do not yield turpentine through distillation; instead, it is the resin from the pine trees. Coal tar is a byproduct of the carbonization of organic materials and does not relate to turpentine in any way. Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and is not used to produce turpentine, as it is chemically distinct from natural resins found in pine trees.