Which finishes offer a tough, durable coat on surfaces?

The finishes that offer a tough, durable coat on surfaces are shellac, lacquer, and varnish.

Shellac is a natural resin that, when applied, forms a hard protective layer that can resist moisture and damage from wear, making it suitable for a variety of surfaces. Lacquer is a fast-drying finish that provides a hard, durable coating that is often used in furniture and cabinetry due to its resilience and high-gloss appearance. Varnish, which is typically a combination of oils and resins, creates a thick, protective layer that enhances the grain of wood and is also highly resistant to scratches and environmental factors.

In contrast, chalk paint and watercolors are known for their aesthetic qualities rather than durability, as they provide a more subdued finish and can easily be damaged or washed away. Latex and emulsion paints, while popular for their ease of use and clean-up, do not typically offer the same level of durability as the harder finishes mentioned. Stains and glazes tend to penetrate the surface for color enhancement rather than forming a strong protective layer, making them less durable in terms of surface protection.